I have been interested in night vision technology for some time, and I own a basic night vision monocular (Yukon Optics NVMT Spartan). I have also improved it by buying new lenses, and building some IR lasers, which significantly improve it’s range and accuracy. This is a standard “image intensifier” type device, which means it simply amplifies existing light. However, being that this is a generation 1 night vision monocular, there is a limit to the quality of the image. Generation 2 sets are vastly more expensive, and anything better than Generation 2 are illegal to buy for civilians in many places (Although you can seem to be able to buy Gen 3 sets in the US).
In additon to image intensification, there are two other night vision technologies available, digital night vision, and thermal imaging. Digital night vision functions in a similar way to a digital camera. Light passes through a lens, onto an imaging sensor called a Charge Coupled Device (CCD), and this is used to produce a digital image. In digital night vision, the CCD device is sensitive to InfraRed as opposed to visible light, which allows an image to be produced in low-light condition. However, like early Image Intensifier devices, these systems require IR illumination to function properly.
An IR illuminator is basically a flashlight which operates in the IR spectrum, and is therefore invisible to the naked eye. I have been using Laser diodes instead of LED’s or Bulbs, which provide increased range and reduced power consumption, but have a smaller field of view.
The final type of night vision technology available is thermal imaging. This is basically “heat vision”. The system measures the heat emanating from an object and plots it as either black and white or false vision onto an LCD screen. This system does not use any kind of external illumination, and has some very interesting features, such as being able to see tracks left by a person or animal that is no longer there, or being able to see if a car has been recently drive by the temperature of it’s engine. These types of night vision are, however, very expensive, and cost several thousand euros just for a basic model.
However, It is possible to build a Thermal Imager. The quality and performance will not be as good as a commercial model, of course, but I am hoping it will produce acceptable results.
This has been done before, here and here. Basically, a non-contact thermopile (a device which converts heat to electicity, such as THIS one) is used to measure the temperature at a particular point in space, and, using servo motors, this thermopile is then moved along the X and Y axes, taking measurements at each step, until an image is generated. This image is then rendered to an LCD screen. The problem with this approach is the speed. It can take 2-3 minutes to generate an image, which is far too slow to be used to real time use. However, by reducing the resolution, or playing with the speed of the motors, and the power of the microcontroller I am using (probably Atmel ATMEGA328) to control this system, I believe I can speed this up. Some cheaper thermal cameras out there have resolutions of less than 100×100, and the 2-3 minute estimate was based on a DIY scanning thermal camera that produced a 400X400 image.
In additon to this, software can be used to improve the quality or resolution of the image. One idea that may work is stacking, which is often used in astronomy to improve the quality of images.
However, it is possible that the thermopiles have a minimum response time, and will not produce accurate temperatue readings and faster than that. The servos will also have a minimum response time, cannot be moved faster than that. So it remains to be seen how accurate this system will be, but I am confident that I can build it.